By: Stephanie Pappas Published: 12/01/2015 on LiveScience
There is no such thing as a "male brain" or a "female brain," new research finds.
Instead, men and women's brains are an unpredictable mishmash of malelike and femalelike features, the study concludes. Even in brain regions previously thought to show differences based on sex, variability is more common than consistency.
"Our study demonstrates that although there are sex/gender differences in brain structure, brains do not fall into two classes, one typical of males and the other typical of females, nor are they aligned along a 'male brain–female brain' continuum," the study researchers wrote today (Nov. 30) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "Rather, even when considering only the small group of brain features that show the largest sex/gender differences, each brain is a unique mosaic of features, some of which may be more common in females compared with males, others may be more common in males compared with females, and still others may be common in both females and males." [10 Surprising Facts About a Woman's Brain]
Pink and blue brains?
The new research is the first to examine sex differences in the brain as a whole. If the brain is truly sexually dimorphic, coming in a male and a female form, it should be consistently different between the two sexes, Tel Aviv University psychobiologist Daphna Joel and her colleagues wrote. Consider the peacock, with its sexually dimorphic tail: The difference in color and size is consistent between the sexes – there's no subset of peahens brandishing iridescent purple feathers.
Clearly, brains don't fit this pattern; there is far more variation in brains within sexes than between them, a fact that has been known for a long time, said Rebecca Jordan-Young, a professor of women's gender & sexuality studies at Barnard College in New York and author of "Brain Storm: The flaws in the science of sex differences" (Harvard University Press, 2010). Many neuroscientists had already concluded that brains are checkered with a mix of male- and femalelike structures, said Jordan-Young, who was not involved in the new study.
But despite this variation, there could still be a continuum of male-type and female-type brains, Joel and her colleagues reasoned, so long as the gender differences between structures are consistent between men and women. They decided to put the question to a test.
The researchers combed through more than 1,400 magnetic resonance images (MRI) from multiple studies of male and female brains, focusing on regions with the largest gender differences. In the first analysis, using brain scans from 169 men and 112 women, the researchers defined "malelike" and "femalelike" as the 33 percent most extreme gender-difference scores on gray matter from 10 regions. Even with this generous designation of "male" and "female" scores, the researchers found little evidence of the consistency they would need to prove brain dimorphism. Only 6 percent of brains were internally consistent as male or female, meaning all 10 regions were either femalelike or malelike, the researchers found. Another analysis of more than 600 brains from 18- to 26-year-olds found that only 2.4 percent were internally consistent as male or female, while substantial variability was the rule for more than half (52 percent).
In other words, there were very few individuals whose brain regions were all malelike or femalelike. And there was no clear continuum between the two endpoints. Instead, across both gray and white matter and in connectivity patterns, brains are so overlapping that calling a particular form male or female is meaningless, Joel and her colleagues wrote. [Men vs. Women: Our Key Physical Differences Explained]
"Our results demonstrate that even when analyses are restricted to a small number of brain regions (or connections) showing the largest sex/gender differences, internal consistency is rare and is much less common than substantial variability (i.e., being at the one end of the 'maleness-femaleness' continuum on some elements and at the other end on other elements)," they wrote.
A sexual mosaic
"Anyone who is aware of current data on brain sex differences appreciates that there is no such thing as a monolithic 'male brain' or 'female brain,' in much the same way as there is no such thing as a male heart and a female heart," said Lise Eliot, a neuroscientist at Rosalind Franklin University in Chicago and author of "Pink Brain, Blue Brain: How Small Differences Grow Into Troublesome Gaps — And What We Can Do About It" (Mariner, 2010).
Eliot, who was not involved in the new study, said the research was an "innovative approach" to sifting through brain gender differences. While statistical differences between the genders exist, she told Live Science, the new study shows that the distribution of malelike and femalelike attributes is patchy, not uniform.
Indeed, previous studies have found large areas of overlap in the structure of male and female brain structures, even when population-level gender differences are found.
"Every individual could have part of both men and women in them," radiologist Ragini Verma told Live Science in 2013after finding differences in connectivity between male and female brains.
The findings are consistent with an emerging line of research on the hormonal control of brain development, Joel and her colleagues wrote. Early on, neuroscientists had viewed sex-specific hormones as the key to sex difference in the brain, with testosterone "masculinizing" the brain and estrogen "feminizing" it.
Though hormonal influences are important, the real story is far more complex, according to a 2011 review in Nature Neuroscience. A growing body of evidence suggests that development is a give-and-take between genetic, environmental and epigenetic (above the genome) factors, all of which are acting in parallel and influencing one another in complicated ways. Different brain regions react in different ways to sex-specific influences, which are not limited to estrogen and testosterone, that review found. Meanwhile, environmental influences such as prenatal or early-life stress can feed back into this process, again altering how the brain develops.
All of these parallel processes could explain why simple stereotypes about male and female interests, abilities and intelligence so often fail on an individual level, Jordan-Young told Live Science.
"The idea of a unified 'masculine' or 'feminine' personality turns out not to describe real people," she said. "It describes stereotypes to which we constantly compare ourselves and each other, but more people are 'gender non-conforming' than we generally realize."
Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter and Google+. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article onLive Science.
Copyright 2015 LiveScience, a Purch company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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the production of new cells in the brains of mammalian adults and infants. In her laboratory she explores the hippocampus, olfactory bulbs and neocortex of rodents and primates in order to better understand the regulation of cell production. Gould received her B.A in psychology from Johns Hopkins University and then went on to study Behavioral Neuroscience at the University of California, Los Angeles. She has received numerous awards in her field. -- LA","credit":"Princeton University","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232237_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a251700001111326d2a.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Elizabeth Gould is a professor at Princeton University. Though her degree is in Psychology, she studies neurogenesis, the production of new neurons in the brain. She is considered to be an expert in her field of neuroplasticity.\n\nAs a child she hoped to be an artist when she grew up, but happily discovered “a great deal of creativity in science.†Gould studies the production of new cells in the brains of mammalian adults and infants. In her laboratory she explores the hippocampus, olfactory bulbs and neocortex of rodents and primates in order to better understand the regulation of cell production.\n\nGould received her B.A in psychology from Johns Hopkins University and then went on to study Behavioral Neuroscience at the University of California, Los Angeles. She has received numerous awards in her field.\n\n-- LA","credit":"Princeton University","width":156,"height":245,"ops":""},"title":"Elizabeth Gould, Neurobiologist","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a3e1b0000f6102802f3.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":5519,"height":4521,"credit":"FPG / Archive Photos / Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a3fe4b0a47ac15d75c5","caption":"The first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University in 1919, Alice Hamilton was a pioneer in toxicology during a time in which few people understood the connection between environmental pollutants and human health. Her work was some of the first that identified illness and injury as occupational hazards -- bringing \"industrial medicine\" (a common concept in Europe) to the United States. -- MM","credit":"FPG / Archive Photos / Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232253_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a3e1b0000f6102802f3.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"The first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University in 1919, Alice Hamilton was a pioneer in toxicology during a time in which few people understood the connection between environmental pollutants and human health. Her work was some of the first that identified illness and injury as occupational hazards -- bringing \"industrial medicine\" (a common concept in Europe) to the United States. \n\n-- MM ","credit":"FPG / Archive Photos / Getty Images","width":5519,"height":4521,"ops":""},"title":"Alice Hamilton, Industrial Toxicology Pioneer","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a2b1400005f0d9a817b.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2329,"height":2700,"credit":"Bizuayehu Tesfaye / AP"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a2be4b0a47ac15d75a8","caption":"Nancy Miriam Hawley combined her feminism and political engagement with the simple fact for her and her friends' bodies: they were having babies or deciding not to have babies -- and they didn't have doctors who listened, she told the Jewish Women's Archive. So she and some like-minded women founded the Boston Women's Health Book Collective, Inc, developed a series of classes and lectures and then turned them into a book: the influential \"Our Bodies, Ourselves.\" Hawley described the reaction: -- MM","credit":"Bizuayehu Tesfaye / AP","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232256_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a2b1400005f0d9a817b.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Nancy Miriam Hawley combined her feminism and political engagement with the simple fact for her and her friends' bodies: they were having babies or deciding not to have babies -- and they didn't have doctors who listened, she told the Jewish Women's Archive. \n\nSo she and some like-minded women founded the Boston Women's Health Book Collective, Inc, developed a series of classes and lectures and then turned them into a book: the influential \"Our Bodies, Ourselves.\"\n\nHawley described the reaction: \n\n
The chapter on sexuality was the first chapter ever written by women for women about what it was like to be a sexual being. And of course that honest conversation threatened some people, and there were efforts to ban the book. Here we were, putting information out in the world, and people wanted to hide it away. But there was a groundswell of support for us, and we continued our work.
\n\n-- MM","credit":"Bizuayehu Tesfaye / AP","width":2329,"height":2700,"ops":""},"title":"Nancy Miriam Hawley, Activist And Author","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a29170000680d326d2b.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":1972,"height":3000,"credit":"Larry Salzman / AP"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a29e4b0a47ac15d75a7","caption":"The only doctor ever convicted for performing an abortion, Dr. Jane Hodgson agreed to perform the procedure in order to challenge the law in her home state of Minnesota. Hodgson's conviction was suspended pending an appeal, according to her obituary, and overturned once the Supreme Court case, Roe V. Wade was heard. Hodgson lent her name to other abortion rights cases, including one in challenging a Minnesota state law that teenagers must notify a parent of an abortion procedure. -- MM","credit":"Larry Salzman / AP","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232257_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a29170000680d326d2b.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"The only doctor ever convicted for performing an abortion, Dr. Jane Hodgson agreed to perform the procedure in order to challenge the law in her home state of Minnesota. \n\nHodgson's conviction was suspended pending an appeal, according to her obituary, and overturned once the Supreme Court case, Roe V. Wade was heard. \n\nHodgson lent her name to other abortion rights cases, including one in challenging a Minnesota state law that teenagers must notify a parent of an abortion procedure. \n\n-- MM","credit":"Larry Salzman / AP","width":1972,"height":3000,"ops":""},"title":"Jane Hodgson, M.D., Gynecologist ","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a2c1b0000f6102802ec.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2261,"height":3504,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a2ce4b0a47ac15d75a9","caption":"Mia Hamm is on the (very) short list of household names when it comes to American soccer players. And rightfully so: Hamm played for the U.S. Women's National Team for 17 years, winning two world championships and two Olympic gold medals, before retiring in 2004, according to her website. In that time, she scored 158 goals in international games -- more than any other soccer player, male or female, in the history of the sport, Forbes reported. Hamm propelled women's soccer into the spotlight, attracting throngs of young female fans who dreamed of one day playing just like her. But her reach stretches far beyond the soccer pitch. Washington Post columnist Michael Wilbon called Hamm \"perhaps the most important athlete of the last 15 years.\" CNN wrote, \"Hamm is one of the most famous names in athletics.\" ESPN named her the best female athlete of the past 40 years, calling her \"not just a winner but a legend -- and a symbol of what women's sports can be.\" The chairman of Nike has said there are three athletes \"who just played at a level that added a new dimension to their games\": Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods and Mia Hamm. We don't all become (or even want to become) professional athletes, but Hamm has without a doubt proven that we could. She continues to work toward more opportunities for girls and young women in sports through her non-profit, The Mia Hamm Foundation. -- SK","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232223_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a2c1b0000f6102802ec.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Mia Hamm is on the (very) short list of household names when it comes to American soccer players. And rightfully so: Hamm played for the U.S. Women's National Team for 17 years, winning two world championships and two Olympic gold medals, before retiring in 2004, according to her website. In that time, she scored 158 goals in international games -- more than any other soccer player, male or female, in the history of the sport, Forbes reported.\n\nHamm propelled women's soccer into the spotlight, attracting throngs of young female fans who dreamed of one day playing just like her. But her reach stretches far beyond the soccer pitch. Washington Post columnist Michael Wilbon called Hamm \"perhaps the most important athlete of the last 15 years.\" CNN wrote, \"Hamm is one of the most famous names in athletics.\" ESPN named her the best female athlete of the past 40 years, calling her \"not just a winner but a legend -- and a symbol of what women's sports can be.\" The chairman of Nike has said there are three athletes \"who just played at a level that added a new dimension to their games\": Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods and Mia Hamm.\n\nWe don't all become (or even want to become) professional athletes, but Hamm has without a doubt proven that we could. She continues to work toward more opportunities for girls and young women in sports through her non-profit, The Mia Hamm Foundation.\n\n-- SK","credit":"Getty Images","width":2261,"height":3504,"ops":""},"title":"Mia Hamm, Professional Soccer Player","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a2c1700001111326d2c.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2211,"height":3081,"credit":"Keystone / Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a2ce4b0a47ac15d75aa","caption":"Barbara McClintock discovered the ability of genes to change places within the chromosome (\"genetic transposition\") and earned a Nobel Prize for it, making her the first American woman to win an unshared prize. -- MM","credit":"Keystone / Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232250_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a2c1700001111326d2c.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Barbara McClintock discovered the ability of genes to change places within the chromosome (\"genetic transposition\") and earned a Nobel Prize for it, making her the first American woman to win an unshared prize. \n\n-- MM\n","credit":"Keystone / Getty Images","width":2211,"height":3081,"ops":""},"title":"Barbara McClintock, Nobel Laureate ","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a2c1b00004d112802ed.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":253,"height":264,"credit":"NIH.gov"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a2ce4b0a47ac15d75ab","caption":"During an era in which most scientists believed that breast cancer was caused by a random series of environmental and genetic factors, Mary-Claire King began to search for a genetic marker -- a particular gene that was common among women who suffered from the disease, finally zeroing in on chromosome 17. Her landmark research lay the groundwork for the discovery, in 1994, of the BRCA-1 gene, according to an MIT biography. -- MM","credit":"NIH.gov","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232247_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a2c1b00004d112802ed.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"During an era in which most scientists believed that breast cancer was caused by a random series of environmental and genetic factors, Mary-Claire King began to search for a genetic marker -- a particular gene that was common among women who suffered from the disease, finally zeroing in on chromosome 17. Her landmark research lay the groundwork for the discovery, in 1994, of the BRCA-1 gene, according to an MIT biography.\n\n-- MM ","credit":"NIH.gov","width":253,"height":264,"ops":""},"title":"Mary-Claire King, Geneticist And Breast Cancer Pioneer","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a2c1400005f0d9a817c.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":250,"height":362,"credit":"Wikipedia"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a2ce4b0a47ac15d75ac","caption":"Henrietta Lacks, a tobacco farmer from Southern Virginia, changed our health in a much less outright way than many of the pioneering women on our list. Lacks developed cervical cancer around age 30, and a scientist at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore used cells from her tumor to create the first immortal line of human cells to be used for future medical research, called the HeLa cells -- without telling her. Lacks succumbed to cancer in 1951, but HeLa cells went on to play an instrumental role in a number of monumental health discoveries and procedures, including developing the vaccine for polio, cloning and in vitro fertilization. Despite the fact that the cells have been \"bought and sold by the billions,\" according to journalist Rebecca Skloot's recent book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Lacks's family cannot afford health insurance today. The Henrietta Lacks Foundation \"strives to provide financial assistance to needy individuals who have made important contributions to scientific research without their knowledge or consent,\" according to the Foundation's website, and a portion of the proceeds from Skloot's book are being donated to the Foundation. -- SK","credit":"Wikipedia","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232236_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a2c1400005f0d9a817c.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Henrietta Lacks, a tobacco farmer from Southern Virginia, changed our health in a much less outright way than many of the pioneering women on our list. Lacks developed cervical cancer around age 30, and a scientist at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore used cells from her tumor to create the first immortal line of human cells to be used for future medical research, called the HeLa cells -- without telling her.\n\nLacks succumbed to cancer in 1951, but HeLa cells went on to play an instrumental role in a number of monumental health discoveries and procedures, including developing the vaccine for polio, cloning and in vitro fertilization. Despite the fact that the cells have been \"bought and sold by the billions,\" according to journalist Rebecca Skloot's recent book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Lacks's family cannot afford health insurance today.\n\nThe Henrietta Lacks Foundation \"strives to provide financial assistance to needy individuals who have made important contributions to scientific research without their knowledge or consent,\" according to the Foundation's website, and a portion of the proceeds from Skloot's book are being donated to the Foundation.\n\n-- SK","credit":"Wikipedia","width":250,"height":362,"ops":""},"title":"Henrietta Lacks, Donor","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a2f1700001111326d2d.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2327,"height":3000,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a2fe4b0a47ac15d75af","caption":"Long before pink ribbons were a ubiquitous sign that October is upon us, Evelyn Lauder was a leader in the breast cancer awareness movement. The daughter-in-law of Estee Lauder, Evelyn, who worked in the Lauder family business, was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1989 -- she went on to found the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and create the pink ribbon as a symbol of awareness, along with Self magazine editor-in-chief Alexandra Penney, Women's Wear Daily reported in 2011. Evelyn Lauder died in November 2011 from complications of non-genetic ovarian cancer, according to her bio for the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Former President Bill Clinton and former U.S. Secretary Of State Hillary Clinton said in a statement after her death, WWD reported: -- LS","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232216_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a2f1700001111326d2d.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Long before pink ribbons were a ubiquitous sign that October is upon us, Evelyn Lauder was a leader in the breast cancer awareness movement. The daughter-in-law of Estee Lauder, Evelyn, who worked in the Lauder family business, was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1989 -- she went on to found the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and create the pink ribbon as a symbol of awareness, along with Self magazine editor-in-chief Alexandra Penney, Women's Wear Daily reported in 2011.\n\nEvelyn Lauder died in November 2011 from complications of non-genetic ovarian cancer, according to her bio for the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Former President Bill Clinton and former U.S. Secretary Of State Hillary Clinton said in a statement after her death, WWD reported:\n\n
Evelyn got the world closer to a time when no family will have to endure the pain of losing a mother, a wife, a sister, a daughter, or an aunt to this terrible disease. We will never forget how much she did to improve the lives of others.
\n\n-- LS","credit":"Getty Images","width":2327,"height":3000,"ops":""},"title":"Evelyn Lauder, Breast Cancer Awareness Activist","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a2e1b00004d112802ee.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":3000,"height":2000,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a2ee4b0a47ac15d75ae","caption":"Growing up, Susan Love always wanted to be a doctor, and not just a doctor for women, but one who could perform all the same \"macho\" surgeries as men, she said in the recent documentary MAKERS. In 1980, she became the first female surgeon at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, but, just as she'd feared, was given only female patients, mostly with breast problems. That's when she began to see, she said, that \"what started as a career, really was going to be a mission.\" As one of the \"founding mothers\" of the breast cancer awareness movement, she's become an author, professor, member of the National Cancer Advisory Board under Bill Clinton and, above all, advocate. Her Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation began as an all-female group investigating \"cutting edge\" breast cancer treatments -- namely, lumpectomies and radiation. Today, the DSLRF has recruited thousands of women to participate in research studies that Love hopes will one day find the breast cancer cure. \"I think we can be the generation that stops breast cancer, and that's what drives me,\" she said in MAKERS. Temporarily on a leave of absence for treatment of her own leukemia, Love plans to return to continue as the President of the Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation soon. -- SK","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232214_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a2e1b00004d112802ee.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Growing up, Susan Love always wanted to be a doctor, and not just a doctor for women, but one who could perform all the same \"macho\" surgeries as men, she said in the recent documentary MAKERS.\n\nIn 1980, she became the first female surgeon at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, but, just as she'd feared, was given only female patients, mostly with breast problems. That's when she began to see, she said, that \"what started as a career, really was going to be a mission.\"\n\nAs one of the \"founding mothers\" of the breast cancer awareness movement, she's become an author, professor, member of the National Cancer Advisory Board under Bill Clinton and, above all, advocate. Her Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation began as an all-female group investigating \"cutting edge\" breast cancer treatments -- namely, lumpectomies and radiation. Today, the DSLRF has recruited thousands of women to participate in research studies that Love hopes will one day find the breast cancer cure.\n\n\"I think we can be the generation that stops breast cancer, and that's what drives me,\" she said in MAKERS.\n\nTemporarily on a leave of absence for treatment of her own leukemia, Love plans to return to continue as the President of the Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation soon.\n\n-- SK","credit":"Getty Images","width":3000,"height":2000,"ops":""},"title":"Susan Love, Surgeon And Breast Cancer Researcher","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a321b00004d112802ef.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":1638,"height":2100,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a32e4b0a47ac15d75b3","caption":"You may not have heard of Norma McCorvey, but you've certainly heard of her supreme court case, Roe v. Wade. McCorvey, better known as \"Jane Roe,\" publicly acknowledged her role in the case that established abortion rights in 1980, according to the New York Times. Pregnant for the third time at the age of 21 and hoping to have an abortion in her home state of Texas, where the procedure was illegal unless the mother's life was endangered, McCorvey was introduced to lawyers Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee. Proceedings lasted too long, however, and McCorvey gave birth and gave her third child up for adoption. After revealing her identity and publishing a memoir entitled \"I Am Roe: My Life, Roe v. Wade, and Freedom of Choice\", McCorvey worked in a number of abortion clinics and actively spoke out about her abortion-rights beliefs, CNN reported. While undoubtedly playing a large role in advancing women's rights and women's health, McCorvey has since changed her tune. \"She started out staunchly pro-choice. She is now just as staunchly pro-life,\" Vanity Fair wrote in a 2013 profile. She began working for anti-abortion activist organization Operation Rescue and protesting against abortion, including at a Supreme Court hearing in 2009 where she was arrested. -- SK","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232226_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a321b00004d112802ef.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"You may not have heard of Norma McCorvey, but you've certainly heard of her supreme court case, Roe v. Wade. McCorvey, better known as \"Jane Roe,\" publicly acknowledged her role in the case that established abortion rights in 1980, according to the New York Times. Pregnant for the third time at the age of 21 and hoping to have an abortion in her home state of Texas, where the procedure was illegal unless the mother's life was endangered, McCorvey was introduced to lawyers Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee. Proceedings lasted too long, however, and McCorvey gave birth and gave her third child up for adoption.\n\nAfter revealing her identity and publishing a memoir entitled \"I Am Roe: My Life, Roe v. Wade, and Freedom of Choice\", McCorvey worked in a number of abortion clinics and actively spoke out about her abortion-rights beliefs, CNN reported.\n\nWhile undoubtedly playing a large role in advancing women's rights and women's health, McCorvey has since changed her tune. \"She started out staunchly pro-choice. She is now just as staunchly pro-life,\" Vanity Fair wrote in a 2013 profile. She began working for anti-abortion activist organization Operation Rescue and protesting against abortion, including at a Supreme Court hearing in 2009 where she was arrested.\n\n-- SK","credit":"Getty Images","width":1638,"height":2100,"ops":""},"title":"Norma McCorvey, 'Jane Roe'","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a32170000680d326d2e.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2001,"height":3000,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a32e4b0a47ac15d75b1","caption":"For many, proper nutrition is the first line of defense to foster good health. But it's always hard to know what to believe -- what's good advice and what's hype? That's where NYU nutrition professor and frequent pundit and author, Marion Nestle helps. On her website, Food Politics, Nestle interprets USDA regulations and offers informed opinions on studies, popular diets and trends. Michael Pollan and Mark Bittman, among other big names in food policy and culture consider her their go-to resource, making Nestle one of the most influential food thinkers of our time. -- MM","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232244_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a32170000680d326d2e.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"For many, proper nutrition is the first line of defense to foster good health. But it's always hard to know what to believe -- what's good advice and what's hype? \n\nThat's where NYU nutrition professor and frequent pundit and author, Marion Nestle helps. On her website, Food Politics, Nestle interprets USDA regulations and offers informed opinions on studies, popular diets and trends. Michael Pollan and Mark Bittman, among other big names in food policy and culture consider her their go-to resource, making Nestle one of the most influential food thinkers of our time. \n\n-- MM","credit":"Getty Images","width":2001,"height":3000,"ops":""},"title":"Marion Nestle, Nutritionist ","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a341b0000f6102802f0.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2800,"height":3451,"credit":"Alamy"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a34e4b0a47ac15d75b9","caption":"Credited with founding modern nursing, Florence Nightingale's parents were not pleased that a woman of her stature would dabble in something so unsuitable for upper-class life, according to the BBC. Eventually she won them over, leaving for Germany to train for three months before becoming superintendent of a London hospital in 1853. After the Crimean War began, Nightingale and a team of her nurses were sent to work in hospitals in Turkey where \"she greatly improved the conditions and substantially reduced the mortality rate,\" according to the BBC. After returning to England, she established her own training school for nurses -- the first to be firmly based in the science of nursing, according to the Encyclopedia Brittanica. There, she established preliminary guidelines for medical matters, such as sanitation and hospital planning that continue on to this day. Today, to recognize her achievements, International Nurses Day is celebrated on May 12, her birthday. -- SK","credit":"Alamy","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232218_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a341b0000f6102802f0.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Credited with founding modern nursing, Florence Nightingale's parents were not pleased that a woman of her stature would dabble in something so unsuitable for upper-class life, according to the BBC. Eventually she won them over, leaving for Germany to train for three months before becoming superintendent of a London hospital in 1853. After the Crimean War began, Nightingale and a team of her nurses were sent to work in hospitals in Turkey where \"she greatly improved the conditions and substantially reduced the mortality rate,\" according to the BBC. After returning to England, she established her own training school for nurses -- the first to be firmly based in the science of nursing, according to the Encyclopedia Brittanica. There, she established preliminary guidelines for medical matters, such as sanitation and hospital planning that continue on to this day. Today, to recognize her achievements, International Nurses Day is celebrated on May 12, her birthday.\n\n-- SK","credit":"Alamy","width":2800,"height":3451,"ops":""},"title":"Florence Nightingale, Founder Of Modern Nursing","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a33170000680d326d30.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":1648,"height":2464,"credit":"Scott Gries / Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a33e4b0a47ac15d75b6","caption":"Dr. Novello was appointed to her groundbreaking position as the first female -- and first Hispanic -- surgeon general in 1990 by George Bush. She was inspired to become a doctor by a medical condition of her own that could only be corrected with surgery. However, her Puerto Rican family couldn't afford the procedure until she was 18, according to the National Library of Medicine. During her three years in office, she focused on health issues among women, minorities and children, as well as underage drinking, smoking and AIDS, according to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Servies. She is recognized for \"changing the face of medicine\" on the NLM's website. -- SK","credit":"Scott Gries / Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232230_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a33170000680d326d30.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Dr. Novello was appointed to her groundbreaking position as the first female -- and first Hispanic -- surgeon general in 1990 by George Bush.\n\nShe was inspired to become a doctor by a medical condition of her own that could only be corrected with surgery. However, her Puerto Rican family couldn't afford the procedure until she was 18, according to the National Library of Medicine.\n\nDuring her three years in office, she focused on health issues among women, minorities and children, as well as underage drinking, smoking and AIDS, according to the U.S. Department of Health ","credit":"Scott Gries / Getty Images","width":1648,"height":2464,"ops":""},"title":"Antonia Novello, First Female U.S. Surgeon General","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a33170000680d326d2f.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":882,"height":1280,"credit":"Corbis Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a33e4b0a47ac15d75b4","caption":"In many ways, Lulu Hunt Peters is considered the mother of the American diet book. A doctor in an era with few female M.D.s, Peters worked as a hospital superintendent and wrote a health advice column for the Los Angeles Times. Her 1918 bestselling book, based on her column, \"Diet & Health: With Key to the Calories\" was the first to introduce American dieters to the concept of calories and counting calories as a method of weight loss. -- MM","credit":"Corbis Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232260_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a33170000680d326d2f.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"In many ways, Lulu Hunt Peters is considered the mother of the American diet book. \n\nA doctor in an era with few female M.D.s, Peters worked as a hospital superintendent and wrote a health advice column for the Los Angeles Times. \n\nHer 1918 bestselling book, based on her column, \"Diet ","credit":"Corbis Images","width":882,"height":1280,"ops":""},"title":"Lulu Hunt Peters, M.D., Columnist And Diet Book Author","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a33140000b6109a817d.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":250,"height":330,"credit":"Wikimedia"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a33e4b0a47ac15d75b5","caption":"Before becoming the first female dean of a medical school -- the Woman's Medical College -- Preston delivered lectures to all-female classes with the simple intent of educating them about their own bodies, according to a profile from the National Institutes of Health. -- MM","credit":"Wikimedia","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232258_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a33140000b6109a817d.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Before becoming the first female dean of a medical school -- the Woman's Medical College -- Preston delivered lectures to all-female classes with the simple intent of educating them about their own bodies, according to a profile from the National Institutes of Health. \n\n-- MM","credit":"Wikimedia","width":250,"height":330,"ops":""},"title":"Ann Preston, First Female Medical School Dean","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a34170000680d326d31.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":559,"height":1040,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a34e4b0a47ac15d75b8","caption":"The world's most famous case study, Bertha Pappenheim -- known as \"Anna O.\" -- was a patient of Dr. Josef Breuer, who documented her strange and undiagnosable psychological condition with the help of his young associate, Dr. Sigmund Freud. Although Freud was skeptical of Anna O.'s actual illness (according to an account of the case in the Quarterly Medical Journal), the dynamic between patient and doctor helped to form Freud's talk therapy protocol. -- MM","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232248_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a34170000680d326d31.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"The world's most famous case study, Bertha Pappenheim -- known as \"Anna O.\" -- was a patient of Dr. Josef Breuer, who documented her strange and undiagnosable psychological condition with the help of his young associate, Dr. Sigmund Freud.\n\nAlthough Freud was skeptical of Anna O.'s actual illness (according to an account of the case in the Quarterly Medical Journal), the dynamic between patient and doctor helped to form Freud's talk therapy protocol. \n\n -- MM","credit":"Getty Images","width":559,"height":1040,"ops":""},"title":"Anna O., Patient","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a341400005f0d9a817e.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":171,"height":182,"credit":"Wikipedia"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a34e4b0a47ac15d75b7","caption":"Margrethe P. Rask, a Danish surgeon who worked and lived in Congo during the 1970s, built several field hospitals and worked tirelessly for her patients, according to colleagues. Given field conditions at the time, gloves were not commonly used and needles were reused to save money, reported Randy Shilts in his book \"And The Band Played On.\" By 1977, Rask was terminally ill. She is considered to be one of the first non-Africans to die from AIDS. -- MM","credit":"Wikipedia","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232261_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a341400005f0d9a817e.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Margrethe P. Rask, a Danish surgeon who worked and lived in Congo during the 1970s, built several field hospitals and worked tirelessly for her patients, according to colleagues.\n\nGiven field conditions at the time, gloves were not commonly used and needles were reused to save money, reported Randy Shilts in his book \"Grethe Rask, Field Doctor","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a371700001111326d32.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":3500,"height":2488,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a37e4b0a47ac15d75bc","caption":"She dances \"The Dougie.\" She hula hoops. She does a mean pull up. First Lady Michelle Obama, who launched the healthy living initiative Let's Move in 2010, is a true fitness inspiration. \"The physical and emotional health of an entire generation and the economic health and security of our nation is at stake,\" she said at the Let's Move launch. The FLOTUS is actively working to ensure today's children grow up more active and with healthier food. And she practices what she preaches in the White House. \"I never talked about weight in the household,\" she said in a \"Fireside Hangout\" on Google+ earlier in March, HuffPost reported at the time. \"We just started making changes. And we made changes in a way that didn't make [Malia and Sasha] feel badly about themselves; it didn't even make them feel any ownership over it. Because truly, kids that age can't control what they eat. So as the mom, I took it upon myself to make sure that we just surrounded them with foods that were healthy and that they could eat whenever they wanted to. You just have to get the temptation out of the household wherever possible, and then just try to make activity fun.\" -- LS","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232222_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a371700001111326d32.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"She dances \"The Dougie.\" She hula hoops. She does a mean pull up. First Lady Michelle Obama, who launched the healthy living initiative Let's Move in 2010, is a true fitness inspiration. \"The physical and emotional health of an entire generation and the economic health and security of our nation is at stake,\" she said at the Let's Move launch. The FLOTUS is actively working to ensure today's children grow up more active and with healthier food.\n\nAnd she practices what she preaches in the White House. \"I never talked about weight in the household,\" she said in a \"Fireside Hangout\" on Google earlier in March, HuffPost reported at the time. \"We just started making changes. And we made changes in a way that didn't make [Malia and Sasha] feel badly about themselves; it didn't even make them feel any ownership over it. Because truly, kids that age can't control what they eat. So as the mom, I took it upon myself to make sure that we just surrounded them with foods that were healthy and that they could eat whenever they wanted to. You just have to get the temptation out of the household wherever possible, and then just try to make activity fun.\"\n\n-- LS","credit":"Getty Images","width":3500,"height":2488,"ops":""},"title":"Michelle Obama, First Lady ","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a361b0000f6102802f1.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2399,"height":2999,"credit":"Alamy"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a36e4b0a47ac15d75bb","caption":"Eleanor Roosevelt transformed the role of the President's wife from one of a society hostess to a policymaker and public figure. But it was the former First Lady's work later in life -- after former Pres. Harry S. Truman appointed her to be the head of the U.N. Human Rights Commission in 1948 -- that made her stance on public health clear. As one of the primary authors of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Roosevelt made certain that access to health care was considered a fundamental right bestowed to all. -- MM","credit":"Alamy","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232242_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a361b0000f6102802f1.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Eleanor Roosevelt transformed the role of the President's wife from one of a society hostess to a policymaker and public figure.\n\nBut it was the former First Lady's work later in life -- after former Pres. Harry S. Truman appointed her to be the head of the U.N. Human Rights Commission in 1948 -- that made her stance on public health clear.\n\nAs one of the primary authors of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Roosevelt made certain that access to health care was considered a fundamental right bestowed to all. \n\n-- MM","credit":"Alamy","width":2399,"height":2999,"ops":""},"title":"Eleanor Roosevelt, Former First Lady","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a351400005f0d9a817f.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":1632,"height":2464,"credit":"Joel Saget / AFP / Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a35e4b0a47ac15d75ba","caption":"Nobel laurreate and director of the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard has spent her life considering the developmental defects of fruit flies. As Smithsonian Magazine explained, her work \"identified the key genes responsible for embryonic development in drosophila and amassed a detailed catalog of mutations that cause physiological defects -- insights that help scientists better understand human development.\" -- MM","credit":"Joel Saget / AFP / Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232252_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a351400005f0d9a817f.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Nobel laurreate and director of the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard has spent her life considering the developmental defects of fruit flies. \n\nAs Smithsonian Magazine explained, her work \"identified the key genes responsible for embryonic development in drosophila and amassed a detailed catalog of mutations that cause physiological defects -- insights that help scientists better understand human development.\"\n\n-- MM","credit":"Joel Saget / AFP / Getty Images","width":1632,"height":2464,"ops":""},"title":"Christiane Nusslein-Volhard","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a371b00004d112802f2.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2615,"height":3472,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a37e4b0a47ac15d75bd","caption":"Sabin's natural skill and innovation as a medical student at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine later earned her a spot as a professor of embryology. Her study of the fetal brain stem and embryonic lymphatic system helped form text books on the subject, according to a biography from the National Institutes of Health. In her later career, Sabin became a member of the Rockefeller Institute and was was instrumental in understanding tuberculosis. \"I hope my studies may be an encouragement to other women, especially to young women, to devote their lives to the larger interests of the mind,\" Sabin stated in a 1929 acceptance speech. \"It matters little whether men or women have the more brains; all we women need to do to exert our proper influence is just to use all the brains we have.\" Among her many accomplishments, Sabin was also the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences. -- MM","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232245_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a371b00004d112802f2.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Sabin's natural skill and innovation as a medical student at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine later earned her a spot as a professor of embryology. \n\nHer study of the fetal brain stem and embryonic lymphatic system helped form text books on the subject, according to a biography from the National Institutes of Health. \n\nIn her later career, Sabin became a member of the Rockefeller Institute and was was instrumental in understanding tuberculosis. \n\n\"I hope my studies may be an encouragement to other women, especially to young women, to devote their lives to the larger interests of the mind,\" Sabin stated in a 1929 acceptance speech. \"It matters little whether men or women have the more brains; all we women need to do to exert our proper influence is just to use all the brains we have.\"\n\nAmong her many accomplishments, Sabin was also the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences. \n\n-- MM","credit":"Getty Images","width":2615,"height":3472,"ops":""},"title":"Florence Sabin","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a3b1700001111326d33.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2177,"height":3000,"credit":"Alamy"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a3ce4b0a47ac15d75c0","caption":"As a young nurse amid the tenements on Manhattan's Lower East Side, Margaret Sanger spent much of her time caring for young women who had suffered from botched abortions. She watched her own mother die young after giving birth to eight children. And then she vowed to do something about it: Sanger was the mastermind behind Enovid, the first FDA-approved oral contraceptive, and founded the American Birth Control League -- now known as Planned Parenthood. Born into a world without legal contraception or abortion services, Sanger devoted her life to her strongly held conviction that the way out of poverty, the way to freedom, was through reproductive control. -- MM","credit":"Alamy","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232224_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a3b1700001111326d33.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"As a young nurse amid the tenements on Manhattan's Lower East Side, Margaret Sanger spent much of her time caring for young women who had suffered from botched abortions. She watched her own mother die young after giving birth to eight children. And then she vowed to do something about it: Sanger was the mastermind behind Enovid, the first FDA-approved oral contraceptive, and founded the American Birth Control League -- now known as Planned Parenthood. Born into a world without legal contraception or abortion services, Sanger devoted her life to her strongly held conviction that the way out of poverty, the way to freedom, was through reproductive control. \n\n-- MM","credit":"Alamy","width":2177,"height":3000,"ops":""},"title":"Margaret Sanger, Reproductive Rights Activist","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a3e1400005f0d9a8182.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":3094,"height":2043,"credit":"William A. Smith / AP"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a3ee4b0a47ac15d75c4","caption":"Dr. Helen B. Taussig is considered the founder of pediatric cardiology and co-developed the \"blue baby operation,\" a procedure that corrects the congenital heart defect that causes anoxemia or \"blue baby syndrome.\" In doing so, she has saved countless lives in their earliest stages. -- MM","credit":"William A. Smith / AP","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232254_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a3e1400005f0d9a8182.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Dr. Helen B. Taussig is considered the founder of pediatric cardiology and co-developed the \"blue baby operation,\" a procedure that corrects the congenital heart defect that causes anoxemia or \"blue baby syndrome.\" In doing so, she has saved countless lives in their earliest stages. \n\n-- MM","credit":"William A. Smith / AP","width":3094,"height":2043,"ops":""},"title":"Helen B. Taussig, M.D., Pediatric Cardiologist ","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a38140000b6109a8180.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2100,"height":2946,"credit":"Keystone / Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a38e4b0a47ac15d75bf","caption":"Anyone who has required a blood transfusion has Rosalyn Sussman Yalow to thank. Her work to develop the radioimmunoassay technique made it possible to screen blood donations for infectious diseases like hepatitis. The technique earned her a Nobel Prize in 1977. -- MM","credit":"Keystone / Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232249_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a38140000b6109a8180.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Anyone who has required a blood transfusion has Rosalyn Sussman Yalow to thank. Her work to develop the radioimmunoassay technique made it possible to screen blood donations for infectious diseases like hepatitis. The technique earned her a Nobel Prize in 1977. \n\n-- MM","credit":"Keystone / Getty Images","width":2100,"height":2946,"ops":""},"title":"Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, Geneticist","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a3c1400005f0d9a8181.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2592,"height":3888,"credit":"Alamy"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a3ce4b0a47ac15d75c1","caption":"In 1967, when Kathrine Switzer became the first woman to officially enter the Boston Marathon, no woman had done so for 70 years. Under the name K.V. Switzer, the 19-year-old Syracuse University journalism major was able to enter the event unknown to race officials, until race director Jock Semple caught wind there was a woman running. After jumping from the press truck into the field of runners, Semple attempted to remove Switzer -- forcibly -- from the race, when her boyfriend Tom Miller shoved him out of the way. She finished the race in four hours and 20 minutes, but it wasn't until she saw her photo in newspapers that she felt the marathon would truly change her life, she said in the recent documentary MAKERS. Women were finally allowed to compete in the Boston Marathon in 1972. Switzer went on to win the 1974 New York City marathon, and later set her personal record (2:51) in Boston in 1975, before turning her attention to campaigning for the women's marathon to be added to the Olympics. She's left her mark on women's running, for the casual jogger and Olympic medal winner alike. \"I met her when I ran Boston the first time in 2009,\" Olympic distance runner Kara Goucher told ESPN. \"It is fair to say that her courage to run the Boston Marathon paved the way for me to live the life that I do. Thanks to her bravery, I am living my dreams and running professionally.\" Switzer, now 66, ran the Berlin marathon in 2011 in four hours and 36 minutes, a time fast enough for her age to still qualify her for Boston. She plans to run in Boston in 2017, to mark the 50th anniversary of her historic race, according to her website. -- SK","credit":"Alamy","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232225_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a3c1400005f0d9a8181.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"In 1967, when Kathrine Switzer became the first woman to officially enter the Boston Marathon, no woman had done so for 70 years. Under the name K.V. Switzer, the 19-year-old Syracuse University journalism major was able to enter the event unknown to race officials, until race director Jock Semple caught wind there was a woman running. After jumping from the press truck into the field of runners, Semple attempted to remove Switzer -- forcibly -- from the race, when her boyfriend Tom Miller shoved him out of the way.\n\nShe finished the race in four hours and 20 minutes, but it wasn't until she saw her photo in newspapers that she felt the marathon would truly change her life, she said in the recent documentary MAKERS. Women were finally allowed to compete in the Boston Marathon in 1972. Switzer went on to win the 1974 New York City marathon, and later set her personal record (2:51) in Boston in 1975, before turning her attention to campaigning for the women's marathon to be added to the Olympics.\n\nShe's left her mark on women's running, for the casual jogger and Olympic medal winner alike.\n\n\"I met her when I ran Boston the first time in 2009,\" Olympic distance runner Kara Goucher told ESPN. \"It is fair to say that her courage to run the Boston Marathon paved the way for me to live the life that I do. Thanks to her bravery, I am living my dreams and running professionally.\"\n\nSwitzer, now 66, ran the Berlin marathon in 2011 in four hours and 36 minutes, a time fast enough for her age to still qualify her for Boston. She plans to run in Boston in 2017, to mark the 50th anniversary of her historic race, according to her website.\n\n-- SK","credit":"Alamy","width":2592,"height":3888,"ops":""},"title":"Kathrine Switzer, First Female Marathoner ","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a3d170000680d326d34.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2586,"height":3000,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a3de4b0a47ac15d75c2","caption":"For more than 30 years, psychologist and MIT professor Dr. Sherry Turkle has studied the psychology of digital interaction. Dubbed \"the Margaret Mead of digital cuture,\" Turkle warns of the psychological and social downfall of accepting computer and technology-based interactions. "We're lonely, but we're afraid of intimacy,\" said Turkle. \"And so from social networks to sociable robots, we're designing technologies that will give us the illusion of companionship without the demands of friendship." -- MM","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232241_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a3d170000680d326d34.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"For more than 30 years, psychologist and MIT professor Dr. Sherry Turkle has studied the psychology of digital interaction. Dubbed \"the Margaret Mead of digital cuture,\" Turkle warns of the psychological and social downfall of accepting computer and technology-based interactions. \n\n“We're lonely, but we're afraid of intimacy,\" said Turkle. \"And so from social networks to sociable robots, we're designing technologies that will give us the illusion of companionship without the demands of friendship.â€\n\n-- MM","credit":"Getty Images","width":2586,"height":3000,"ops":""},"title":"Sherry Turkle, Psychologist","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a3d170000680d326d35.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2256,"height":1612,"credit":"Alamy"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a3de4b0a47ac15d75c3","caption":"Lydia Villa-Komaroff knew she wanted to be a scientist from early childhood, even though she knew of no other female Latina professional scientists, she told MAKERS. In fact, she's the third Mexican-American woman ever to receive a science Ph.D. -- hers in molecular biology from MIT. Despite Harvard's ban on recombinant DNA research (which was considered dangerous at the time), Villa-Komaroff was able to make a name for herself as a researcher in this area: Her discovery of how to generate insulin from bacterial cells earned her two patents and the accolades of colleagues. Since that time, Villa-Komaroff has chaired committees for the National Institutes of Health and has advised the first ever federally-funded brain-transplant studies. -- MM","credit":"Alamy","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232243_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a3d170000680d326d35.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Lydia Villa-Komaroff knew she wanted to be a scientist from early childhood, even though she knew of no other female Latina professional scientists, she told MAKERS. \n\nIn fact, she's the third Mexican-American woman ever to receive a science Ph.D. -- hers in molecular biology from MIT. \n\nDespite Harvard's ban on recombinant DNA research (which was considered dangerous at the time), Villa-Komaroff was able to make a name for herself as a researcher in this area: Her discovery of how to generate insulin from bacterial cells earned her two patents and the accolades of colleagues. \n\nSince that time, Villa-Komaroff has chaired committees for the National Institutes of Health and has advised the first ever federally-funded brain-transplant studies. \n\n-- MM","credit":"Alamy","width":2256,"height":1612,"ops":""},"title":"Lydia Villa-Komaroff, Molecular Biologist","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a40170000680d326d36.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2286,"height":3000,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a40e4b0a47ac15d75c7","caption":"Once described as a \"cross between Henry Kissinger and Minnie Mouse\" for her trademark accent, Ruth Westheimer -- better known as Dr. Ruth -- is a psychosexual therapist and media personality who paved the way for open, frank dialogue about sex on public media outlets. Dr. Ruth's ultimate breakthrough came in the early 1980s, with her pioneering television and radio show, Sexually Speaking, on which she answered call-in questions from listeners. "Talking about sex on TV was considered very daring. But when I talk about sex it's not to shock, but to educate," Westheimer says. The show's instant success makes the case that Dr. Ruth was giving Americans exactly what they needed: Honesty. The tiny (she's four feet, seven inches), German-born therapist has quite a multifaceted resume: After fleeing to Switzerland to escape the Holocaust, she trained for the Israeli freedom fighters as a scout and sniper, after which she moved to Paris to study psychology at the Sorbonne. It was in the 1960s, in Harlem, N.Y., where Westheimer's work with Planned Parenthood led her to study sexuality. Here she began to advocate for sex education and break the silence surrounding taboo topics, like contraception and unwanted pregnancies. Today, at 84 years old, Dr. Ruth serves as the Honorary President of the Council of Sexuality and Agiting at the Naional Sexuality Resource Center and is still answering our sex questions on her own YouTube channel and Twitter account. We can thank Dr. Ruth for making sexual literacy mainstream, authoring more than 30 books (and counting) and one of her most celebrated tag phrases, "Get some." -- KB","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232220_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a40170000680d326d36.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Once described as a \"cross between Henry Kissinger and Minnie Mouse\" for her trademark accent, Ruth Westheimer -- better known as Dr. Ruth -- is a psychosexual therapist and media personality who paved the way for open, frank dialogue about sex on public media outlets.\n\nDr. Ruth's ultimate breakthrough came in the early 1980s, with her pioneering television and radio show, Sexually Speaking, on which she answered call-in questions from listeners. “Talking about sex on TV was considered very daring. But when I talk about sex it's not to shock, but to educate,†Westheimer says. The show’s instant success makes the case that Dr. Ruth was giving Americans exactly what they needed: Honesty. \n\nThe tiny (she’s four feet, seven inches), German-born therapist has quite a multifaceted resume: After fleeing to Switzerland to escape the Holocaust, she trained for the Israeli freedom fighters as a scout and sniper, after which she moved to Paris to study psychology at the Sorbonne. It was in the 1960s, in Harlem, N.Y., where Westheimer’s work with Planned Parenthood led her to study sexuality. Here she began to advocate for sex education and break the silence surrounding taboo topics, like contraception and unwanted pregnancies. \n\nToday, at 84 years old, Dr. Ruth serves as the Honorary President of the Council of Sexuality and Agiting at the Naional Sexuality Resource Center and is still answering our sex questions on her own YouTube channel and Twitter account. We can thank Dr. Ruth for making sexual literacy mainstream, authoring more than 30 books (and counting) and one of her most celebrated tag phrases, “Get some.â€\n\n-- KB","credit":"Getty Images","width":2286,"height":3000,"ops":""},"title":"Dr. Ruth, Sex Educator","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a411700001111326d37.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":2175,"height":2934,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a41e4b0a47ac15d75c9","caption":"Growing up as a preacher's daughter always made her feel different, Sarah Weddington said in the recent documentary MAKERS. So going to law school and running for state legislature -- when women \"didn't do\" those things -- was just more of the same for the Texan. But while at law school, she was approached by a women's group that wanted to legalize abortion. She was just 26 years old when Roe v. Wade was selected to be argued before the Supreme Court. \"I was very conscious of how the fate of many women for many years would be resting in part on my argument,\" she said in MAKERS. The landmark 1973 ruling overturned laws in 46 states, handing over the decision to terminate a pregnancy during the first three months to women and their doctors, rather than the government. Since then, Weddington worked as a professor at the University of Texas, as one of Jimmy Carter's advisers and as an advocate for breast cancer research, after surviving the disease herself, HuffPost reported. More than 40 years later, she said she never would have believed we'd still be talking about abortion. However, her stance remains the same. "It's the argument where 40 years ago, I was saying, 'We are not asking this court to decide that abortion is good, or that everyone should have one. We are asking this court to decide that that issue is one for the individual to decide, not the government.' And it's the same thing that I would say today,\" she told Time magazine. -- SK","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232215_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a411700001111326d37.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Growing up as a preacher's daughter always made her feel different, Sarah Weddington said in the recent documentary MAKERS. So going to law school and running for state legislature -- when women \"didn't do\" those things -- was just more of the same for the Texan. But while at law school, she was approached by a women's group that wanted to legalize abortion. She was just 26 years old when Roe v. Wade was selected to be argued before the Supreme Court. \n\n\"I was very conscious of how the fate of many women for many years would be resting in part on my argument,\" she said in MAKERS.\n\nThe landmark 1973 ruling overturned laws in 46 states, handing over the decision to terminate a pregnancy during the first three months to women and their doctors, rather than the government. Since then, Weddington worked as a professor at the University of Texas, as one of Jimmy Carter's advisers and as an advocate for breast cancer research, after surviving the disease herself, HuffPost reported.\n\nMore than 40 years later, she said she never would have believed we'd still be talking about abortion. However, her stance remains the same. “It's the argument where 40 years ago, I was saying, 'We are not asking this court to decide that abortion is good, or that everyone should have one. We are asking this court to decide that that issue is one for the individual to decide, not the government.' And it’s the same thing that I would say today,\" she told Time magazine.\n\n-- SK","credit":"Getty Images","width":2175,"height":2934,"ops":""},"title":"Sarah Weddington, Lawyer","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null},{"embedData":{"type":"hector","url":"https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/55a53a3f1400005f0d9a8183.jpeg","queryParams":{},"width":1959,"height":2718,"credit":"Getty Images"},"type":"image","common":{"id":"55a53a3fe4b0a47ac15d75c6","caption":"Geneticist and Higgins Professor of Neuropsychology at Columbia University, Nancy Wexler, Ph.D. is most well-known for her research surrounding Huntington's Disease, a genetic condition that causes parts of the brain degenerate. Wexler's study of the world's largest family with the disease has led to identifying the gene responsible for Huntington's. Blood samples from the 18,000-plus individuals involved in her research have also helped researchers investigating Alzheimer's disease, kidney cancer, ALS and more. She also serves as president of the Hereditary Disease Foundation, which works toward cures for genetic illnesses by funding continuing biomedical research, according to the organization's website. -- SK ","credit":"Getty Images","creditUrl":"","source":"http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/286861/slide_286861_2232233_original.jpg","thumbnail":{"url":{"fileName":"55a53a3f1400005f0d9a8183.jpeg","type":"hectorUrl"},"caption":"Geneticist and Higgins Professor of Neuropsychology at Columbia University, Nancy Wexler, Ph.D. is most well-known for her research surrounding Huntington's Disease, a genetic condition that causes parts of the brain degenerate. Wexler's study of the world's largest family with the disease has led to Nancy Wexler, Hereditary Disease Researcher ","type":"image","meta":null,"summary":null,"badge":null,"cta":[],"textWrap":"noWrap","imagePositionInUnit":null,"imagePositionInSubUnit":null},"provider":null}],"options":{"theme":"news","device":"desktop","editionInfo":{"id":"us","name":"U.S.","link":"https://www.huffpost.com","locale":"en_US"},"slideshowAd":{"scriptTags":[],"otherHtml":""},"slideshowEndCard":{"scriptTags":[{"attribs":{},"scriptBody":"\r\n (function(){\r\n var c = document.getElementById('taboola-endslate-thumbnails');\r\n c.id += '-' + Math.round(Math.random()*1e16);\r\n \r\n var taboolaParams = {\r\n loader: \"//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/aol-huffingtonpost/loader.js\",\r\n mode: \"thumbnails-b\",\r\n container: c.id,\r\n placement: \"Endslate Thumbnails\",\r\n target_type: \"mix\"\r\n };\r\n \r\n if (typeof window.modulousQueue === \"function\") {\r\n \twindow.modulousQueue.add(function(){ doTaboola(taboolaParams); });\r\n } else {\r\n \tdoTaboola(taboolaParams);\r\n }\r\n }());\r\n"}],"otherHtml":""},"isMapi":false,"isAmp":false,"isVideoEntry":false,"isMt":false,"entryId":"565f096ee4b072e9d1c42d06","entryTagsList":"voices,gender-brains,womens-health,women-and-science,male-and-female-brains,@sponsor_womenshealth,@health_ibs,@health_erectile,@health_depression,@health_models","sectionSlug":"women","deptSlug":"voices","sectionRedirectUrl":null,"subcategories":"impact,science,healthy-living,queer-voices","isWide":false,"headerOverride":null,"noVideoAds":false,"disableFloat":false,"isNative":false,"commercialVideo":{"provider":"custom","site_and_category":"us.women","package":null},"isHighline":false,"vidibleConfigValues":{"cid":"60afc111dcf87c2cd2f5d8bf","overrides":{"front_page_top_videos":{"desktop":"60b64354b171b7444beaff4d","mobileweb":"60b64354b171b7444beaff4d"},"top_media":{"desktop":"60b8e6bdc5449357a7ada147","mobile":"60b8e701c5449357a7ada2ee","iphone":"60b8e643cdd90620331bb1f6","ipad":"60b8e643cdd90620331bb1f6","androidphone":"60b8e699c5449357a7ada04c","androidtablet":"60b8e699c5449357a7ada04c"},"anthology":{"desktop":"60b8e616cdd90620331bb0ba","mobile":"60b8e671c5449357a7ad9f66","iphone":"60b8e643cdd90620331bb1f6","ipad":"60b8e643cdd90620331bb1f6","androidphone":"60b8e699c5449357a7ada04c","androidtablet":"60b8e699c5449357a7ada04c"},"content":{"desktop":"60b8e616cdd90620331bb0ba","mobile":"60b8e671c5449357a7ad9f66","iphone":"60b8e643cdd90620331bb1f6","ipad":"60b8e643cdd90620331bb1f6","androidphone":"60b8e699c5449357a7ada04c","androidtablet":"60b8e699c5449357a7ada04c"}},"playerUpdates":{"5668ae6ee4b0b5e26955d6a6":"60d2472d9340d7032ad7e443","56aa41bae4b091744c0440d8":"60e869dc7c5f3b17b6741b81","5841b2b5cc52c716ec6e5a7f":"60b8e355cdd90620331ba185","58b5e2b8d85a10302feee895":"60b64316b171b7444beafdb2","58b74698f78ced31417819ae":"60b8e5bec5449357a7ad9b52","58b74ccecebcea57e2c3a3d1":"60b8e5eac5449357a7ad9ca5","58cff690d85a100b9992bc39":"60b8e616cdd90620331bb0ba","58cffb3fb6d9b972a49a3c9d":"60b8e643cdd90620331bb1f6","58cffdd74d96935d7d6ec180":"60b8e671c5449357a7ad9f66","58d03a84f78ced6518eb2fa7":"60b643c82e76be41f112735c","592edf20e0fa177b0c26f7fd":"60b8e699c5449357a7ada04c","5b35266b158f855373e28256":"60b64354b171b7444beaff4d","5c116f29f79c4171d82b7c2a":"60b64440b171b7444beb040b","5c1170fc600c9a697bf0c6b9":"60b646102e76be41f1127ffc","5c47791afa1b317df8ae0c4f":"60b8e6bdc5449357a7ada147","5c477987a6b48b35f164773d":"60b8e701c5449357a7ada2ee","5c4779ee943c3c2a64f28371":"60b8e747cdd90620331bb861","5c477a26fcd67b26879bc7c2":"60b8e788c5449357a7ada67b","5d8921a78c3ae845f366c9b6":"60ae7be5f3a7c13a30417ff9","58b98b00ba82aa39a6534321":"60d0de7c9340d7032ad1146c","58b9d14cb6d9b96c9ec32af3":"60d0dec19340d7032ad115a0","58cff8eccebcea42931e0436":"60d0e005b627221e9d819d44","592edf5de0fa177b0c26f95b":"60d0e38fb627221e9d81adcf","58cff72fd85a100b9992c112":"60d0e447b627221e9d81b0da","56b4d34fe4b022697697c400":"60d2472d9340d7032ad7e443","60b8e4c0c5449357a7ad957d":"60e869dc7c5f3b17b6741b81"}},"connatixConfigValues":{"defaultPlayer":"ff7fdddc-5441-4253-abc4-f12a33fad58b","clickToPlayPLayer":"d014396e-b366-4c17-aeac-3ce906fa3fd0","videoPagePlayer":"f010447b-d244-4111-a314-7b4542ae4145"},"customAmpComponents":[],"ampAssetsUrl":"https://amp.assets.huffpost.com","videoTraits":null,"positionInUnitCounts":{"buzz_head":{"count":0},"buzz_body":{"count":0},"buzz_bottom":{"count":0}},"positionInSubUnitCounts":{"article_body":{"count":140},"before_you_go_slideshow":{"count":0}},"connatixCountsHelper":{"count":0},"buzzfeedTracking":{"context_page_id":"565f096ee4b072e9d1c42d06","context_page_type":"buzz","destination":"huffpost","mode":"desktop","page_edition":"en-us"},"cetUnit":"buzz_body"}}">
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